which of the following describes situational communication competence

All these factors will either help or hinder you when you try to apply the knowledge you have learned to actual communication behaviors. Figure 2.6 Strategies for using bilingual books in the classroom. . Since facial expressions are often subconscious, they may be an indicator of incongruency within a speakers message, and you may need to follow up with questions or consider contextual clues to increase your understanding. Skill Building Activity for Situational Monitoring: Participant pairs are back to back. As students learn a second language, they progress at different rates along a continuum of predictable stages. (Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 1995), 54. In this section we will discuss some strategies for effectively encoding and decoding nonverbal messages. A great way to start a family literacy program for parents of ESL students is by assisting them in locating books in the L1. According to Daniel Goleman, emotional competence is an extremely important factor in understanding emotional intelligence. Figure out what your common adaptors are and monitor them so you can avoid creating unfavorable impressions. Of course, as nonverbal cues are layered on, they may contradict other signals, in which case we can turn to context clues to aid our interpretation. We will learn more about speaking anxiety in Chapter 12 Public Speaking in Various Contexts. Native culture is the term often used to refer to the culture acquired first in life by a person or the culture that this individual identifies with as a group member. It's also called communication competence, and it's the key to social acceptance. She looks straight at the reporter, crosses one leg over the other, and says, Ive worked for the people of this community for ten years and no one has ever questioned my ethics until now. As she speaks, she points her index finger at the politician and uses a stern and clear tone of voice. & Ernst-Slavit, G. The way we stand, the distance between our listeners and us, the looks on our faces, and our tone of voice all influence the manner and content of our communication. Literacy and language teaching. Language Domains There are four language domains: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Some communication behaviors indicate that we are not communicating mindfully, such as withdrawing from a romantic partner or engaging in passive-aggressive behavior during a period of interpersonal conflict. If you start these things now you will be primed to take on more communication challenges that will be presented throughout this book. Active listening, for example, combines good cognitive listening practices with outwardly visible cues that signal to others that we are listening. In order to develop communication competence, you must become a more mindful communicator and a higher self-monitor. Since communication and speaking are a necessary part of life, identify some strategies you can use to manage those anxieties. Since looking away also signals cognitive activity, they may be processing information, and you may need to pause and ask if they need a second to think or if they need you to repeat or explain anything more. To address her language needs effectively, to understand the impact of her language proficiencies in the content areas, and to build on her language strengths, Rudi must uncover Faridahs individual scores in every language domain and in combinations of domains. These diverse needs made lesson planning challenging, but his ELL kids were counting on him to find a way to communicate with them. Do you consider yourself a good deceiver? Q. What information do you already have that would help to inform the strategies you can use to meet their instructional needs? Bilingual books and materials in languages other than English can raise all childrens awareness through exposure to different languages and scripts. Native languages, cultures, and life experiences are resources to be tapped and provide a solid foundation for learning language and content. Ernst-Slavit, G. & Slavit, D. (2007). The nonverbal messages we encode also help us express our identities and play into impression management, which as we learned in Chapter 1 Introduction to Communication Studies is a key part of communicating to achieve identity goals. Although my dad and I didnt realize we were doing it, our subconscious mirroring was obviously noticeable to others. Active listening, for example, combines . Competence involves knowledge, motivation, and skills. Understand How Nonverbal Communication Relates to Listening. Question number 18 Which of the following describes situational communication competence? In order to put that commonsense knowledge to competent use, we must have a more nuanced understanding of how conflict and interpersonal communication relate and know some conflict management strategies. begin to use general academic vocabulary and familiar everyday expressions. The very nature of productive language implies an audience, although not always an immediate audience, as in the case of writing a book or an e-mail. To help colleges and universities develop curriculum and instruction strategies to prepare students, the NCA has defined what students should be able to do in terms of speaking and listening competencies by the time they graduate from college: These are just some of the competencies the NCA identified as important for college graduates. Some highly experienced deceivers, however, can control the presence of adaptors (Andersen, 1999). 1 (2010): 72. So smiling, keeping an attentive posture, and offering a solid handshake help communicate confidence and enthusiasm that can be useful on a first date, during a job interview, when visiting family for the holidays, or when running into an acquaintance at the grocery store. For example, we are explicitly taught the verbal codes we use to communicate. Specifically, this module will address the Communication and Situational Monitoring pillars of TeamSTEPPS. Select if they are true or false. speak in simple sentences that are comprehensible and appropriate but are frequently marked by grammatical errors. We typically decode people putting their hands in their pocket as a gesture that indicates shyness or discomfort. Describe situational monitoring techniques. He drew courage, strength, and inspiration from the memory of the smiling and inquisitive faces of Roman, Marina, Yelena, Augusto, Faridah, and Kumar. When someone is avoiding eye contact, dont immediately assume they are not listening or are hiding something, especially if you are conveying complex or surprising information. Using concepts from this section, analyze your own nonverbal encoding competence. Translanguaging with multilingual students. In professional and social settings, it is generally OK to touch others on the arm or shoulder. Recognize that some environments facilitate communication and some do not. English learners engage in oral communication in a variety of situations for a variety of purposes and audiences in a wide array of social, cultural, and academic contexts. However, this information provides an incomplete and misleading picture of Faridahs needs and abilities. Rather than using a list of specific rules, I suggest people develop more general tools that will be useful in and adaptable to a variety of contexts. Being nonverbally expressive during initial interactions usually leads to more favorable impressions. One such force is the truth bias, which leads us to believe that a person is telling the truth, especially if we know and like that person. Avoid moving people out of the way with only touchpair your touch with a verbal message like excuse me.. Is the learners relationship to these languages based on expertise, inheritance, affiliation, or a combination? (p. 418). To better understand this definition, lets break apart its components. Communication competence is needed in order to understand communication ethics, to develop cultural awareness, to use computer-mediated communication, and to think critically. Which of the following is a benefit of oral communication over written communication? Watch this video, which is a fun way to understand the problems with communication: Learn English Click on this link to learn about the TeamSTEPPS communication pillar: TeamSTEPPS Communication Pillar Presentation. To reduce immediacy, we engage in civil inattention and reduce the amount of eye contact we make with others. acquire a vocabulary of stock words and phrases covering many daily situations. Ana C. day 339 butterflies CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Last summer, during a backyard game of corn hole with my family, my mom and sister were standing at the other board and kept whispering to each other and laughing at my dad and me. And then there is grandpa, watching a Bollywood movie in Urdu that includes regional variants such as Gujarati and Punjabi (p. 10). Garca, O. Various communication behaviors can signal that we are communicating mindfully. . Here are the scores (on a scale from 1 to 4, with 4 being advanced proficiency): Rudi felt some degree of success at locating the language proficiency information, but he still wondered what to do next. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. For example, some cultures tend toward less touching and greater interpersonal distances during interactions. Recognize when it is appropriate to communicate. Garca, O., & Wei, L. (2014). True. d. is situational. So you may decode a touch from a supervisor differently from the touch of an acquaintance. . Beginner speakers can often reduce their use of verbal fillers noticeably over just a short period of time. Interprofessional Education for Healthcare, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Interprofessional Education Learning Modules, TeamSTEPPS Communication Pillar Presentation, TeamSTEPPS Situational Monitoring Pillar Presentation, Situation Monitoring: Good Teamwork in the Medical Office, TeamSTEPPS Situational Monitoring Pillar. Which of the following is the best definition of communication? Being a higher self-monitor can help you catch nonverbal signals that might signal that you arent listening, at which point you could consciously switch to more active listening signals. Smiles are especially powerful as an immediacy behavior and a rapport-building tool. B) stimulation. This perspective views bilinguals and multilinguals not as possessing two or more autonomous language systems, but as users of a unitary linguistic repertoire where they sort and select whatever resources are needed to make meaning and to communicate with others. Which of the following is the goal of Alexia's communication with Mrs. Philips? A job interview. Most English language learners are very familiar with at least one other language and have an intuitive understanding of how language and texts work. Allen, M., John E. Hunter, and William A. Donohue, Meta-analysis of Self-Report Data on the Effectiveness of Public Speaking Anxiety Treatment Techniques, Communication Education 38, no. The Home Language: An English Language Learners Most Valuable Resource. Colorn Colorado! Question 6. Our tendency to assume that people are telling us the truth can also lead to negative results. Whether or not we achieve our day-to-day communication goals depends on our communication competence. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. In what situations can you arrive late? The following guidelines may help you more effectively encode nonverbal messages sent using your hands, arms, body, and face. Why or why not? the ability to use and adapt that knowledge to various communication contexts. CAN DO Descriptors depict what students can do with language at different levels of language proficiency. Visualize success through positive thinking. Cultural variables such as race and nationality also affect competence. Dual language instruction: A handbook for enriched education. Robert N. Bostrom (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984), 25. Kevin Trotman You Lie! Like many others, Rudi was a creative guy with a passion for teaching. Listeners are expected to make more eye contact with the speaker than the speaker makes with them, so its important to listen with your eyes by maintaining eye contact, which signals attentiveness. What are your strengths as a communicator? (2016). The language proficiency levels are not necessarily connected to cognitive functions. The classical rhetorician who noted that communication needed to be presented by "a good man speaking well" was. These forms include expressing meaning through drawing, symbols, and/or text. Remember that adaptors can hurt your credibility in more formal or serious interactions. Although pets and children are often granted more leeway to breach other peoples space, since they are still learning social norms and rules, as a pet owner, parent, or temporary caretaker, be aware of this possibility and try to prevent such breaches or correct them when they occur. Developing communication competence can bring many rewards, but it also requires time and effort. You might cross your arms, a closing-off gesture, and combine that with wrapping your fingers tightly around one bicep and occasionally squeezing, which is a self-touch adaptor that results from anxiety and stress. Hargie, O., Skilled Interpersonal Interaction: Research, Theory, and Practice, 5th ed. Robert S. Feldman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992), 23. Avoid hurtful touches and apologize if they occur, even if accidentally. Using nonverbals that are intentionally deceptive and misleading can have negative consequences and cross the line into unethical communication. Which of the following is an example of audience? In modern times, communication scholars and teachers have worked hard to understand and describe what it means to be a competent communicator. In general, people who are more expressive are better deceivers and people who are typically anxious are not good liars. After watching the video, consider the following: View the following video, Good Teamwork in the Medical Office, describing good communication strategies. In most cases, we can consciously decide to work on our deficiencies, which may take considerable effort. A Getting Competent feature box is included in each chapter, specifically to help you develop communication competence. Which of the following is NOT a desirable communication skill? Human symbolic interaction. In general, a persons vocal signature is a result of the physiology of his or her neck, head, and mouth. Our competence regarding and awareness of nonverbal communication can help determine how an interaction will proceed and, in fact, whether it will take place at all. Why? A lack of communication and social relationships can case a range of physical and mental illnesses. Some of these reactions are visible, such as increased movements, and some are audible, such as changes in voice pitch, volume, or rate. Retrieved from: http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/home-language-english-language-learners-most-valuable-resource TESOL Quarterly 31(3), 409430. Chronemics. Think of specific examples. State English language proficiency (ELP) standards (e.g., Washington state ELPs at http://www.k12.wa.us/MigrantBilingual/ELD.aspx ) or multistate ELPs (e.g., TESOLs 2006 PreK12 English language proficiency Standards, or WIDAs 2012 English language development standards at https://wida.wisc.edu/sites/default/files/resource/2012-ELD-Standards.pdf) provide helpful guidance for teaching content across the four language domains. Native language is the primary or first language spoken by an individual. Prepare enough envelopes for participant pairs. Learning a first language is a complex and lengthy process. Reproduced with permission. Poor Teamwork in the Medical Office, View the following video describing good situational monitoring strategies. Verbal fillers are often used subconsciously and can negatively affect your credibility and reduce the clarity of your message when speaking in more formal situations. The consequences of denying students first language can be far reaching because language, culture, and identity are inextricably linked. 1 (2004): 2738. are able to work with grade-level material with some modification. Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard developed the Situational Leadership model in 1969 while working on Management of Organizational Behavior . Nonverbal communication can also impact the impressions you make as a student. begin to imitate the verbalizations of others by using single words or simple phrases. . When talking of communicative competence, we need to consider four important elements: grammatical or linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic. The SLII model is divided into two parts: d. Leadership style and follower development level 6. Adjusting leadership styles is based on the assumption that a. Followers' skills and motivation vary over time 7. While you should feel free to read ahead to that chapter, you can also manage your anxiety by following some of the following tips. The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. a. Vertical integration describes a situation in which a firm enters into activities where it is its own supplier and/or customer. Be aware of the power of emotional contagion, or the spread of emotion from one person to another. Gestures send messages about your emotional state. Pike (1982), notes that [l]anguage is not merely a set of unrelated sounds, clauses, rules, and meanings; it is a total coherent system of these integrating with each other, and with behavior, context, universe of discourse, and observer perspective (p. 44). Think, for example, about how people fall into formation when waiting in a line. The use of translanguaging in educational contexts has brought a wealth of both interest and disagreement. Since nonverbal communication is multichannel, it is important to be aware that nonverbal cues can complement, enhance, or contradict each other. Give timely, sensitive, instructive feedback to others about their performance on the team, responding respectfully as a team member to feedback from others. The ability to communicate effectively is often included as a primary undergraduate learning goal along with other key skills like writing, critical thinking, and problem solving. A competent communicator understands there is no single effective way to communicate, that communication must be adapted to the context and receiver. People often decode personality traits from a persons vocal quality. Research has also found that students who are more nonverbally expressive are liked more by their teachers and are more likely to have their requests met by their teachers (Mottet et al., 2004). The use of body language and objects to convey meaning to messages c. A process of offering advice and suggestions and relating similar experiences d. We have already defined communication, and you probably know that to be competent at something means you know what youre doing. Yet teachers can still promote the use of native languages in their classrooms. . Be aware that clenched hands may signal aggression or anger, nail biting or fidgeting may signal nervousness, and finger tapping may signal boredom. A sideways glance, which entails keeping the head and face pointed straight ahead while focusing the eyes to the left or right, has multiple contradictory meanings ranging from interest, to uncertainty, to hostility. After a book has been read and discussed in the L2, students can use the L1 version to write about the topic, review issues discussed, or further their understanding. This is just the beginning of our conversation about communication competence. While these actions could indicate such interest, they could also be idiosyncratic. Remember that culture, status, gender, age, and setting influence how we send and interpret touch messages. Some nonverbal scholars and many nonverbal skill trainers have tried to catalog nonverbal communication like we do verbal communication to create dictionary-like guides that people can use to interpret nonverbal signals. Nonverbal cues account for much of the content from which we form initial impressions, so its important to know that people make judgments about our identities and skills after only brief exposure. Rudi turned once again to the history and English language proficiency standards spread out before him. Im just like you. Mirroring evolved as an important social function in that it allowed early humans to more easily fit in with larger groups. You may find the list of WIDA states at. This knowledge of their first language (L1) will greatly enhance their opportunities to learn English. Change teams are key individuals within a primary care setting responsible for implementing TeamSTEPPS within that organization. Writing. (Dont just practice for your cat.). Mom, Dad, and guests may be speaking mostly in English. Part of being a good listener involves nonverbal-encoding competence, as nonverbal feedback in the form of head nods, eye contact, and posture can signal that a listener is paying attention and the speaker's message is received and understood. Be aware of discrepancies between facial expressions and other nonverbal gestures and verbal communication. Rudi Heinzs head was swimming: state content standards, national content standards, state English language development standards, Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (TESOL) English language proficiency standards, WIDA[1]standards, district mandates, mandatory curriculum. Mirroring sends implicit messages to others that say, Look! Multiple Choice Quiz. A) feedback. My favorite way to increase my knowledge about nonverbal communication is to engage in people watching. write for themselves to express their own personality and personal thoughts. Facial expressions. Alexia, a medical assistant, explains to Mrs. Philips that the medication is to be taken once a day with a full glass of water. Family members can be actively involved in the education of L2 students, even if their English skills are limited, when books in L1 are available. When nonverbal cues are ambiguous or contextual clues arent useful in interpreting nonverbal clusters, we may have to look at nonverbal behaviors within specific channels. CA is a common issue faced by many people, so you are not alone. Increasing our awareness of the multiple channels through which we send nonverbal cues can help us make our signals more congruent in the moment. make errors in one or more domains that generally do not interfere with communication. Many educators working on issues of language educationthe development of additional languages for all, as well as minoritized languageshave embraced translanguaging theory and pedagogy. (London: Routledge, 2011), 81. Which, if any, of the nonverbal cues discussed do you think help you deceive others or give you away? Civic contexts? 1 (2009): 5476.

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